A Multi-Center Assessment of Occupational Radiation Exposure Levels Due to Radio-Diagnostic Activities in Four Specialist Hospitals in Northwestern Nigeria

Peter Emmanuel Anzaku; Tijani Saleh Bichi

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijmri.20250101.13

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A Multi-Center Assessment of Occupational Radiation Exposure Levels Due to Radio-Diagnostic Activities in Four Specialist Hospitals in Northwestern Nigeria

Peter Emmanuel Anzaku^*, Tijani Saleh Bichi

Published in International Journal of Medical Research and Innovation (Volume 1, Issue 1)

Received: 23 July 2025 Accepted: 8 August 2025 Published: 9 December 2025

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Abstract

Medical applications of ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, fluoroscopy, mammography, and computed tomography, are indispensable for diagnosis and treatment but pose potential health risks to occupational workers. Concerns about ionizing radiation exposure highlight the critical need for effective radiation protection and continuous monitoring. This study evaluated occupational radiation exposure among workers in radio-diagnostic activities across four specialist hospitals in Northwestern Nigeria over a 12-month period (March 2024–March 2025). Using 20 thermo-luminescence dosimeters (TLDs) distributed across the centers, quarterly readings were processed at the Centre for Energy Research and Training (CERT), Zaria, to determine annual surface skin dose (Hp(0.07)) and deep skin dose (Hp(10)). The mean annual Hp(0.07) and Hp(10) across all hospitals were 1.03 mSv and 2.16 mSv, respectively, with individual doses ranging from 0.11 mSv to 1.70 mSv for Hp(0.07) and 0.14 mSv to 3.92 mSv for Hp(10). One-way ANOVA revealed no statistically significant differences in mean annual doses among the four hospitals (F=0.335, p=0.800 for Hp(0.07); F=0.327, p=0.806 for Hp(10)). These exposure levels were consistently well within national (NNRA: 20 mSv/year) and international (ICRP: 5 mSv/year effective dose) limits, indicating effective radiation protection. The observed consistency across centers underscores the importance of continued personnel monitoring and adherence to the ALARA principle to minimize stochastic effects.

Published in	International Journal of Medical Research and Innovation (Volume 1, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijmri.20250101.13
Page(s)	20-27
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Occupational Exposure, Radiation Workers, Radio-diagnostic, TLD, Dose Limits, Health Physics, ANOVA, Northwest Nigeria

References

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[2]	International Atomic Energy Agency. (2004). Radiation protection and safety in medicine.
[3]	International Atomic Energy Agency. (2011). Radiation protection and safety of radiation sources: International basic safety standards (IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 3).
[4]	International Commission on Radiological Protection. (2005). Avoidance of radiation injuries from interventional procedures (ICRP Publication 99). Annals of the ICRP, 35(2).
[5]	International Commission on Radiological Protection. (2017). Occupational radiological protection in interventional procedures (ICRP Publication 139). Annals of the ICRP, 46(2).
[6]	Joseph, T., Amadi, R., Aladiran, T., & Fasanya, J. (2017). Assessment of occupational radiation dose to radiographers and radiologists in selected hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(2).
[7]	Kuipers, C., Boer, J. A., Hoedeman, P., De Leeuw, R. J., Maas, R. A., & Ravesloot, S. H. (2010). Personal dosimetry in interventional radiology for head and neck procedures. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 21(3), 392–398.
[8]	Leyton, F., Raba, G., Hering, M., Gurovich, M., & Valenzuela, V. (2014). Personal dose equivalent H-p (10) as a means for dose optimization in medical radiological facilities in Chile. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 160(1-3), 299–303.
[9]	Mohsen, M., Shaker, E., & Abul-Fotouh, A. (2014). Assessment of occupational radiation exposure for medical staff in radiology departments. Medical Physics International Journal, 2(2), 112–117.
[10]	Muhogora, W. E., Nganda, J., & Kimani, S. (2013). Radiation protection of medical staff in Kenya. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 155(1), 86–91.
[11]	Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority. (2004). Nigerian ionizing radiation (Basic Safety Standards) regulations 2004.
[12]	Olko, P. (2010). Recent developments in thermoluminescent dosimetry. Radiation Measurements, 45(5), 633–638.
[13]	United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. (2000). Sources and effects of ionizing radiation: UNSCEAR 2000 Report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes. United Nations.
[14]	United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. (2001). UNSCEAR 2000 Report: Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. United Nations.
[15]	Usman, B., Sani, S., Tukur, U. A., & Abdulrashid, A. (2020). Evaluation of occupational radiation exposure to staff in radiology department of a tertiary health institution in Katsina, Nigeria. Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences, 10(1), 1–7.
[16]	Wilson-Stewart, K. M., Frayne, R., & Scott, J. (2018). Determinants of radiation exposure for staff working in a large academic interventional radiology department. European Radiology, 28(8), 3505–3511.

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APA Style

Anzaku, P. E., Bichi, T. S. (2025). A Multi-Center Assessment of Occupational Radiation Exposure Levels Due to Radio-Diagnostic Activities in Four Specialist Hospitals in Northwestern Nigeria. International Journal of Medical Research and Innovation, 1(1), 20-27. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmri.20250101.13

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ACS Style

Anzaku, P. E.; Bichi, T. S. A Multi-Center Assessment of Occupational Radiation Exposure Levels Due to Radio-Diagnostic Activities in Four Specialist Hospitals in Northwestern Nigeria. Int. J. Med. Res. Innovation 2025, 1(1), 20-27. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmri.20250101.13

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AMA Style

Anzaku PE, Bichi TS. A Multi-Center Assessment of Occupational Radiation Exposure Levels Due to Radio-Diagnostic Activities in Four Specialist Hospitals in Northwestern Nigeria. Int J Med Res Innovation. 2025;1(1):20-27. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmri.20250101.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmri.20250101.13,
  author = {Peter Emmanuel Anzaku and Tijani Saleh Bichi},
  title = {A Multi-Center Assessment of Occupational Radiation Exposure Levels Due to Radio-Diagnostic Activities in Four Specialist Hospitals in Northwestern Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of Medical Research and Innovation},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {20-27},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmri.20250101.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmri.20250101.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmri.20250101.13},
  abstract = {Medical applications of ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, fluoroscopy, mammography, and computed tomography, are indispensable for diagnosis and treatment but pose potential health risks to occupational workers. Concerns about ionizing radiation exposure highlight the critical need for effective radiation protection and continuous monitoring. This study evaluated occupational radiation exposure among workers in radio-diagnostic activities across four specialist hospitals in Northwestern Nigeria over a 12-month period (March 2024–March 2025). Using 20 thermo-luminescence dosimeters (TLDs) distributed across the centers, quarterly readings were processed at the Centre for Energy Research and Training (CERT), Zaria, to determine annual surface skin dose (Hp(0.07)) and deep skin dose (Hp(10)). The mean annual Hp(0.07) and Hp(10) across all hospitals were 1.03 mSv and 2.16 mSv, respectively, with individual doses ranging from 0.11 mSv to 1.70 mSv for Hp(0.07) and 0.14 mSv to 3.92 mSv for Hp(10). One-way ANOVA revealed no statistically significant differences in mean annual doses among the four hospitals (F=0.335, p=0.800 for Hp(0.07); F=0.327, p=0.806 for Hp(10)). These exposure levels were consistently well within national (NNRA: 20 mSv/year) and international (ICRP: 5 mSv/year effective dose) limits, indicating effective radiation protection. The observed consistency across centers underscores the importance of continued personnel monitoring and adherence to the ALARA principle to minimize stochastic effects.},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - A Multi-Center Assessment of Occupational Radiation Exposure Levels Due to Radio-Diagnostic Activities in Four Specialist Hospitals in Northwestern Nigeria
AU  - Peter Emmanuel Anzaku
AU  - Tijani Saleh Bichi
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PY  - 2025
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DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmri.20250101.13
T2  - International Journal of Medical Research and Innovation
JF  - International Journal of Medical Research and Innovation
JO  - International Journal of Medical Research and Innovation
SP  - 20
EP  - 27
PB  - Science Publishing Group
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmri.20250101.13
AB  - Medical applications of ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, fluoroscopy, mammography, and computed tomography, are indispensable for diagnosis and treatment but pose potential health risks to occupational workers. Concerns about ionizing radiation exposure highlight the critical need for effective radiation protection and continuous monitoring. This study evaluated occupational radiation exposure among workers in radio-diagnostic activities across four specialist hospitals in Northwestern Nigeria over a 12-month period (March 2024–March 2025). Using 20 thermo-luminescence dosimeters (TLDs) distributed across the centers, quarterly readings were processed at the Centre for Energy Research and Training (CERT), Zaria, to determine annual surface skin dose (Hp(0.07)) and deep skin dose (Hp(10)). The mean annual Hp(0.07) and Hp(10) across all hospitals were 1.03 mSv and 2.16 mSv, respectively, with individual doses ranging from 0.11 mSv to 1.70 mSv for Hp(0.07) and 0.14 mSv to 3.92 mSv for Hp(10). One-way ANOVA revealed no statistically significant differences in mean annual doses among the four hospitals (F=0.335, p=0.800 for Hp(0.07); F=0.327, p=0.806 for Hp(10)). These exposure levels were consistently well within national (NNRA: 20 mSv/year) and international (ICRP: 5 mSv/year effective dose) limits, indicating effective radiation protection. The observed consistency across centers underscores the importance of continued personnel monitoring and adherence to the ALARA principle to minimize stochastic effects.
VL  - 1
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Author Information

Peter Emmanuel Anzaku

Department of Physics, Aliko Dangote University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria

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Tijani Saleh Bichi

Department of Physics, Aliko Dangote University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria

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APA Style

Anzaku, P. E., Bichi, T. S. (2025). A Multi-Center Assessment of Occupational Radiation Exposure Levels Due to Radio-Diagnostic Activities in Four Specialist Hospitals in Northwestern Nigeria. International Journal of Medical Research and Innovation, 1(1), 20-27. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmri.20250101.13

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ACS Style

Anzaku, P. E.; Bichi, T. S. A Multi-Center Assessment of Occupational Radiation Exposure Levels Due to Radio-Diagnostic Activities in Four Specialist Hospitals in Northwestern Nigeria. Int. J. Med. Res. Innovation 2025, 1(1), 20-27. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmri.20250101.13

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AMA Style

Anzaku PE, Bichi TS. A Multi-Center Assessment of Occupational Radiation Exposure Levels Due to Radio-Diagnostic Activities in Four Specialist Hospitals in Northwestern Nigeria. Int J Med Res Innovation. 2025;1(1):20-27. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmri.20250101.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmri.20250101.13,
  author = {Peter Emmanuel Anzaku and Tijani Saleh Bichi},
  title = {A Multi-Center Assessment of Occupational Radiation Exposure Levels Due to Radio-Diagnostic Activities in Four Specialist Hospitals in Northwestern Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of Medical Research and Innovation},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {20-27},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmri.20250101.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmri.20250101.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmri.20250101.13},
  abstract = {Medical applications of ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, fluoroscopy, mammography, and computed tomography, are indispensable for diagnosis and treatment but pose potential health risks to occupational workers. Concerns about ionizing radiation exposure highlight the critical need for effective radiation protection and continuous monitoring. This study evaluated occupational radiation exposure among workers in radio-diagnostic activities across four specialist hospitals in Northwestern Nigeria over a 12-month period (March 2024–March 2025). Using 20 thermo-luminescence dosimeters (TLDs) distributed across the centers, quarterly readings were processed at the Centre for Energy Research and Training (CERT), Zaria, to determine annual surface skin dose (Hp(0.07)) and deep skin dose (Hp(10)). The mean annual Hp(0.07) and Hp(10) across all hospitals were 1.03 mSv and 2.16 mSv, respectively, with individual doses ranging from 0.11 mSv to 1.70 mSv for Hp(0.07) and 0.14 mSv to 3.92 mSv for Hp(10). One-way ANOVA revealed no statistically significant differences in mean annual doses among the four hospitals (F=0.335, p=0.800 for Hp(0.07); F=0.327, p=0.806 for Hp(10)). These exposure levels were consistently well within national (NNRA: 20 mSv/year) and international (ICRP: 5 mSv/year effective dose) limits, indicating effective radiation protection. The observed consistency across centers underscores the importance of continued personnel monitoring and adherence to the ALARA principle to minimize stochastic effects.},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - A Multi-Center Assessment of Occupational Radiation Exposure Levels Due to Radio-Diagnostic Activities in Four Specialist Hospitals in Northwestern Nigeria
AU  - Peter Emmanuel Anzaku
AU  - Tijani Saleh Bichi
Y1  - 2025/12/09
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmri.20250101.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmri.20250101.13
T2  - International Journal of Medical Research and Innovation
JF  - International Journal of Medical Research and Innovation
JO  - International Journal of Medical Research and Innovation
SP  - 20
EP  - 27
PB  - Science Publishing Group
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmri.20250101.13
AB  - Medical applications of ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, fluoroscopy, mammography, and computed tomography, are indispensable for diagnosis and treatment but pose potential health risks to occupational workers. Concerns about ionizing radiation exposure highlight the critical need for effective radiation protection and continuous monitoring. This study evaluated occupational radiation exposure among workers in radio-diagnostic activities across four specialist hospitals in Northwestern Nigeria over a 12-month period (March 2024–March 2025). Using 20 thermo-luminescence dosimeters (TLDs) distributed across the centers, quarterly readings were processed at the Centre for Energy Research and Training (CERT), Zaria, to determine annual surface skin dose (Hp(0.07)) and deep skin dose (Hp(10)). The mean annual Hp(0.07) and Hp(10) across all hospitals were 1.03 mSv and 2.16 mSv, respectively, with individual doses ranging from 0.11 mSv to 1.70 mSv for Hp(0.07) and 0.14 mSv to 3.92 mSv for Hp(10). One-way ANOVA revealed no statistically significant differences in mean annual doses among the four hospitals (F=0.335, p=0.800 for Hp(0.07); F=0.327, p=0.806 for Hp(10)). These exposure levels were consistently well within national (NNRA: 20 mSv/year) and international (ICRP: 5 mSv/year effective dose) limits, indicating effective radiation protection. The observed consistency across centers underscores the importance of continued personnel monitoring and adherence to the ALARA principle to minimize stochastic effects.
VL  - 1
IS  - 1
ER  -

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